propan-2-ol

Isopropanol detected in 8 of 12 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas in the United States(1). The avg and range of isopropanol concentrations in human breath due to metabolic processes is 150 ug/cu m and 50-260 ug/cu m (40 subjects in room air), respectively(2).

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA: 5

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isopropanol, which has a vapor pressure of 45.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase isopropanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.07X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of isopropanol can be estimated to be 1.5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that isopropanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

ANAEROBIC: Typical isopropanol removal efficiencies for an anaerobic lagoon treatment facility, with a retention time of 15 days, were 50% after loading with dilute waste, and 69 and 74% after loading with concentrated wastes(1). In closed bottle studies, isopropanol was completely degraded anaerobically by an acetate-enriched culture, derived from a seed of domestic sludge(1). The culture started to use cross-fed isopropanol, after 4 days, at a rate of 200 mg/L/day(1). In a mixed reactor with a 20-day retention time, seeded by the same culture, 56% removal was achieved in the 20 days following 70 days of acclimation to a final concentration of 10,000 mg/L(1). The avg percent removal of isopropanol in semi-pilot scale anaerobic lagoons was 50% in 7.5-10 days for dilute wastes with 60 pp...

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for isopropanol(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.05(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for isopropanol is 8.10X10-6 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that isopropanol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 86 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 29 days(SRC). Isopropanol's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Isopropanol is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 45.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). The volatilization of isopropanol from a runoff tank of an industrial waste...

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of isopropanol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 5.07X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Isopropanol is considered to have low reactivity (class 2 of 5 where class 5 is high) in photochemical smog situations(2,3) having an ozone forming potential 68% that of toluene(3). A 20% decrease in isopropanol was observed after 5 hr in a smog chamber at 30 °C containing 2 ppm isopropanol and 1 ppm nitrous oxides at 55% relative humidity(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of isopropanol with nitrate radicals in night-time air is 2.3X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). This corr...

SURFACE WATER: Isopropanol was identified but not quantified in the Cuyahoga River, Ohio(1).

When isopropanol is used as an extraction or carrier solvent for food constituents, it may be found in the final product(1). Isopropanol was detected in 8 of 17 samples of lemonade; these samples were prepared with a natural essence extracted from lemons with isopropanol(1). Concentration of between 0.2 and 82 mg/L were measured in 7 samples and 325 mg/L in one sample(1). Isopropanol was also identified in fish protein concentrate, extracted by isopropanol(1). The Scientific Committee for Food of the Commission of the European Communities has published industry-derived residue levels in foodstuffs following the use of isopropanol as an extraction and/or carrier solvent(1). Typical levels are: 250 mg/kg of dry fish protein concentrate, 50 mg/kg of meat product as consumed, 750 mg/kg of m...

Isopropanol was detected in 8 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas(1).

/PLANTS/ Isopropanol inhibited germination of lettuce fruits with an ED50 (median effective dose) of 35 mM.

The concentration of isopropanol in leachate from 1 of 5 town landfill sites in Connecticut was 3.4 ppm(1). Isopropanol was found in 6 of 6 leachate samples from Minnesota landfills with a range of concentrations from 94-41,000 ug/L(2). Isopropanol was also found in groundwater suspected of leachate contamination (based on levels of inorganics) at a range of concentrations from 8.6-2600 ug/L (6 of 13 samples pos), but not detected in ground water where inorganics levels indicated good or unknown water quality(2). In 1982-83, isopropanol concentrations of up to 8.8 mg/L were measured in 6 of 7 leachate samples obtained from test wells in 1 of 5 landfills in the United Kingdom(3). The concentration of isopropanol in municipal landfill leachates (complied from 13 sources) was 8.4 mg/L(4).

Environmental effects of the substance have been adequately investigated, but no significant effects have been found.

Isopropanol has been identified as a metabolic product of aerobic microorganisms (eg, fish spoilage bacteria, beef spoilage bacteria, potato tuber soft rot bacteria), anaerobic microorganisms, fungi (eg, mushrooms), and yeast(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: At an industrial area in Linden, NJ, the isopropanol concentration was 4-59 ng/cu m (23 ng/cu m avg, 4 of 12 samples pos)(1). Near a polypropylene plant, the concentration of isopropanol was up to 340 mg/cu m(2). The peak concentration of isopropanol in Japan resulting from air pollution was 13-24 ppb(3). Isopropanol was detected, at level of 95 mg/cu m air, at the outlet of the main chimney of a paint-manufacturing plant in France in the 1980s(4). The compound was not detected at a distance of 10-30 m from this chimney(4). In 1970, avg atmospheric levels of isopropanol at distances of 500 and 5000 m from a plant producing isopropanol by indirect hydration, were 1.7 and 0.2 mg/cu m air, with maximum of 3 and 0.5 mg/cu m air, respectively(4). Isopropanol was detected in...

Isopropanol's production and use in the manufacture of acetone, glycerol, and isopropyl acetate and as a solvent for a variety of applications(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Isopropanol's use in hydraulic fracturing fluids (2,3) results in its direct release to the environment(SRC). A study of volatile organic compounds in the air of a Swiss tunnel concluded that the isopropanol component was likely due to its use in windshield washer fluids(4).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,665,524 workers (2,058,264 of these are female) are potentially exposed to isopropanol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to isopropanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isopropanol is produced or used(SRC). Occupational exposure to isopropanol may occur during the mfg of chemicals using isopropanol, its use as a solvent in various industrial applications, and its use in medicinal applications(SRC). For example, inhalation exposure of workers to isopropanol(sampling location, concentration mg/cu m) in various industries are as follows: car painting(personal, avg 7.1); ink production (area, 6.3-32.8); paint manufacture (personal, time-weighted avg range 6-258); hospital...

In the German Environmental Survey (conducted between 1990-1992), 113 random people wore badge samplers for one week to collected personal air(1); average and geometric mean concentrations of isopropanol were found to be 80.0 and 39.1 ug/cu m, respectively, with only person having concentrations below detection limits of 1 ug/cu m(1).

Isopropanol's production and use in the manufacture of acetone, glycerol, and isopropyl acetate and as a solvent for a variety of applications may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isopropanol's use in hydraulic fracturing fluids results in its direct release to the environment. Isopropanol has been identified as a metabolic product of aerobic microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms, fungi, and yeast. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 45.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates isopropanol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase isopropanol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.2 days. If released to soil, isopro...

Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

LD50: 11 300 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

Oral (L739); inhalation (L739)

The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of...

Intermediate Oral: 1.0 mg/kg/day (L134) Chronic Oral: 1.0 mg/kg/day (L134)

Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference: PPRTV Current

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Persons with pre existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of isopropyl alcohol might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.

Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg): 1.09e+05

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Soil Saturation Concentration (mg/kg): 1.09e+05

Reference: Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP